You could use the Invoke-VMScript cmdlet and query the WMI inside the guest OS.
Something like this
$vmName = 'MyVM'
$cmd = @"
Get-WmiObject -Query 'Select * from Win32_SoftwareFeature Where ProductName LIKE "VMware Tools%" and InstallState=3'|
Select Caption
"@
Invoke-VMScript -VM $vmName -ScriptType Powershell -ScriptText $cmd
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