Considering the VMDK was damaged before, it is probably best to re-create the Kali Linux VM on local storage (either import the VM image from Kali or create from scratch using Kali Linux ISO).

If you want to recover any files/data from this Kali VM going bonkers, perhaps just add it a second virtual drive to the new Kali VM and try to recover whatever you can. Mounting the VMDK as a Windows drive on the host is NOT an option as Windows OS is not able read Linux filesystems natively.