Believe the error message and reference https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/90364

Whatever you are doing with Packer to create the VM is specifying a lsiogic virtual SCSI adapter type that is not implemented by Fusion on Apple Silicon. It appears that only VMware’s pvscsi is implemented for virtual SCSI hard disk controllers.

Change what you are doing to specify a NVMe hard disk type. That is the recommended disk type for virtual machines on Apple Silicon Macs and is supported by Debian. Debian does not look like they include the pvscsi driver submitted by VMware to the upstream Linux kernel and Fusion doesn’t support anything other than pvscsi.