Yes, they are indeed installed with a single partition and then cloned from the same installation. What surprised me is that we got this problem with file system corruption on all of the ones that got mounted as read only.
That is pretty unusual. You mentioned RHEL4 U3 and there was a known bug that caused additional corruption on ext3 with some kernels from that release. I don't remember the specifics, but it would cause a similar "ext3 journal abort" even on normal systems on the SAN. These issues are fixed in more recent releases (U5 and above).
Also, even though I've noticed many distro's have stopped suggesting using multiple filesystems for root, /var, and /usr I still think this is a good practice. We continue to use separate filesystems for volumes that get significant rights as this significantly decreases the chance of the root or /usr filesystem becoming corrupted.
Unfortunately, rescue mode did not help fixing the file systems. We managed to get some of our data back, but the vms still won't boot. We're naturally reluctant to install any more linux vms until we know that this won't happen again, that's why I' was curious if anybody else had experienced this.
The error you are getting is critical, but shouldn't be unrecoverable except in the worst cases. There are multiple copies of the group descriptors on disk and you should be able to locate them with dumpe2fs. Worst case you should be able to get your data by using debugfs. I've been doing this a long time, and I've never seen this be unrecoverable, but it is a touchy recovery and it's certainly possible that you have an unrecoverable situation that I've never run across. Just because I haven't seen it doesn't mean it does exist.
I can certainly understand being reluctant to reinstall linux VMs. I'd be that way too if I were in your situation. I will tell you that I personally run over 20 RHEL4 (and now a few RHEL5) VM's running critical production systems and have never seen more than minor corruption, and none since the problems with journal aborts were corrected. Of course, backups are always important, and you'll want to test your setup thoroughly but I believe it is possible to have great success with Linux on VMware.
Later,
Tom